CBSE and NCERT Solution

Of all the institutions that we have studied in this chapter, name the one that exercises the powers on each of the following matters. (a) Decision on allocation of money for developing infrastructure like roads, irrigation etc., and different welfare activities for the citizens. (b) Considers the recommendation of a Committee on a law to regulate the stock exchanges. (c) Decides on a legal dispute between two state governments. (d) Implements the decision to provide relief for the victims of an earthquake. Ans. (a) The Political Executive (b) The Legislative (c) The Judiciary or the Supreme Court (d) The Civil Servants or the Permanent Executive

What do you mean by judicial review ? Ans. (i) The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the constitution. (iii) They can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.

What do you understand by independence of judiciary ? Ans. Independence of the judiciary is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. That is why all modern democracies have judiciary independent of the legislature and the executive.

India has an integrated judiciary. Explain. Ans. It means that the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all the other courts of the country. It can take up any dispute: (i) Between the citizens of the country. (ii) Between citizens and the government (iii) Between two or more state governments (iv) Between the union and state governments It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.

How is the judicial system organised? Explain its importance in Indian democracy. Ans. (i) India has a single integrated unified all India judicial system. (ii) It is hierarchical in structure consisting of the Supreme Court at the Central level, High Courts at the State level and District Court and other Subordinate Courts at the lower (iii) The judicial system is important because it provides for prompt and impartial administration of justice and ensures the security and welfare of all citizens.

What are the merits of a Presidential System of Government? Ans. (i) The Presidential system ensures stability of government as the fate of the executive is not in the hands of the legislature and once elected the executive is assured stability of tenure as it is difficult to remove him. (ii) As he has a fixed tenure, long term policies can be launched by the executive. This ensures greater continuity and policy. (iii) Such a system promotes administrative efficiency as heads of the various departments are specialists in their fields and are not accountable to the legislature. (iv) This kind of government is very effective in times of emergency since the President can take quick and prompt decisions after informal consultations with his ministers.